Across the country, thousands of children are languishing in abusive prisons and jails. These youth are disproportionately African American and Latino. Most live in poverty.
Many of these children were needlessly pushed out of school and into the juvenile justice system. But schools are just one entry point to the juvenile justice system–a system that too frequently cuts short the life chances of the young people it’s supposed to serve.
Many youth are also criminalized because of their experiences with failing foster care and mental health systems.
Children and teens of color are imprisoned at almost three times the rate of their White counterparts, suggesting that they are often unfairly targeted for arrest and confinement.
Once arrested, children can stay in detention facilities for weeks or months before a judge hears their case. They often encounter abuse and neglect in overcrowded, squalid facilities, some operated for profit by private corporations. Few local juvenile detention centers have the resources to meet their educational, medical and mental health needs.
When a judge hears their case, court-involved youth may be sentenced to a juvenile prison where they frequently endure brutal conditions. The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) has helped to expose instances of physical and sexual abuse, shackling of children and inadequate mental healthcare.
Today, an estimated 100,000 children and teens are locked up in juvenile facilities across the country, and thousands more are incarcerated in adult prisons. Children in adult prisons and jails face even worse conditions than those in the juvenile justice system.
U.S. Department of Justice research shows that youth incarcerated with adults are eight times more likely to commit suicide than those in juvenile facilities, five times more likely to be sexually assaulted, three times more likely to be assaulted by prison staff, and 50 percent more likely to be assaulted with a weapon than youth in a juvenile facility.
Incarcerating children in the adult system not only puts them at risk of unspeakable abuses, it fails to protect communities. The Department of Justice also has found “higher recidivism rates among juveniles convicted for violent offense in criminal court when compared with similar offenders retained in juvenile court.”
By reforming the juvenile justice system and providing support in our schools and communities, this cycle can be broken and can dramatically reduce the country’s prison population–the world’s largest.
The SPLC uses legal action, community education and mobilization, and media and legislative advocacy to ensure that students get the educational services that can mean the difference between incarceration and graduation and to prevent school discipline practices from pushing students out of school. The organization works to replace unnecessary juvenile detention with proven, community-based alternatives, and also seeks to protect imprisoned children and teens from abuse, and safely reduce the number of imprisoned children.
SPLC currently operates juvenile justice and education reform projects in Alabama, Florida, Louisiana and Mississippi–four of the states where children are most at risk of ending up in the juvenile justice system or dropping out of school. The group is also working with advocates for children in other Southern states and across the country.
For far too many children, the path to prison begins in our underfunded schools. Rather than invest in the basic educational and social services that will help troubled children succeed, many schools rely on harsh, “zero-tolerance” discipline policies that result in suspensions, dropouts and arrests for even minor, nonviolent misbehavior. These policies push students into a juvenile justice system that criminalizes many of them.
Too often, the juvenile justice system writes off misbehavior in affluent school districts as “typical adolescent rebellion” while the same behavior by a student in a poor, minority school district is likely to be viewed as “criminal behavior” that warrants harsh consequences. This misguided approach to school discipline is driving up the dropout rates for both students and teachers. It does little to improve school climates or make our communities safer. Reversing this trend will require a sea change in the way schools approach discipline.
A cultural shift from zero-tolerance policies is needed in our schools. One research-based alternative, known as Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports (PBIS), is gaining momentum among educators as a way to improve overall school climates, as well as academic performance, while keeping children in the classroom. PBIS has been successfully used in both urban and rural school districts and in those with high and low concentrations of poverty.
Implementation of PBIS is a key provision in several class action settlements reached between the SPLC and school districts in Louisiana, Mississippi and Florida. The results have been promising. For example, two years after PBIS was implemented throughout the Jefferson Parish, La., school district, the out-of-school suspension rate for special education students was cut in half. Out-of-school suspensions for general education students dropped 24 percent after the first year.
PBIS implementation is just one of the ways the SPLC is working to ensure that all children have access to a quality education. The nonprofit has also launched campaigns to address the use of alternative schools to warehouse students and deny them the educational services to which they are entitled. In addition, SPLC works to ensure that youth most likely to be pushed out of school receive individualized support to increase their chances of graduating, to address racial disparities in school discipline practices, and to increase parental engagement in the formation of school discipline policies and practices.
