Sitting in the sparsely filled auditorium of Gardena High School in Los Angeles at the beginning of an annual senior awards ceremony, I looked around, and wondered; where the hell are the Black parents? I was attending the ceremony to see students from my Women’s Leadership Project program–the majority of whom are African American and en route to four-year colleges–receive much-deserved awards for service and academic achievement.
Although Black students comprise around 32 percent of the school’s student body, the vast majority of the award recipients were Asian (5 percent of the population) and Latino (60 percent of the population). The underrepresentation of African American student awardees is the flip side of a national crisis that has received exhaustive, hand-wringing coverage but elicited little activist groundswell or targeted outrage.
The apartheid culture of African American suspensions, which pervades urban school districts like Los Angeles Unified, has become a ho-hum-business-as-usual human-rights violation. Data on disproportionate African American suspension rates is an acknowledged part of national discourse on education “reform.”
The subject made the news again recently with the release of yet another study by the Council of State Governments on suspensions in Texas schools. Attorney General Eric Holder even deigned to weigh in, calling the study’s findings a “wake-up call.”
The report seemingly revived mainstream attention to the long-standing debate about racial disproportionality and school discipline.
But to those who are critically conscious of the role disproportionate discipline plays in the school-to-prison pipeline, this latest report was no revelation. It concluded that Black and Latino students were disciplined far more harshly than White students who’d committed similar offenses.
Black students were more likely to get off-site suspensions and transfers to alternative schools.
White students were more likely to receive counseling and on-site suspension or detention.
As a result, students of color were more likely to drop out of school. The report suggested that disparate discipline was symptomatic of deeply entrenched negative teacher perceptions about Black and Brown students.
As progressive African American educators have long maintained, the picture in the LAUSD is even more egregious. After a careful study of the data of middle schools and high schools across the district, African American students were disproportionately suspended and OT-ed (“opportunity” transferred to other schools) regardless of the racial background of the faculty and administration or racial demographics and socioeconomic background of a given school.
In some schools, the ratio is astounding, an open secret that reflects profoundly on the degree to which African American students in “post-racial” America are stigmatized by intractable stereotypes about Black criminality, pathology and dysfunction.
From South L.A. to the Westside to the Valley, the implication is the same: African American students are natural hellions who need to be controlled, neutralized and heavily policed to maintain the institutional “sanity” of chaotic urban schools.
In a recent discussion about adult perceptions, one of my students noted that some teachers appear to be “scared” of their students. Being scared of students means that teachers have low expectations, are more inclined to be reactive in their response to disruption, assign busywork and execute hierarchical classroom management. Consequently, some teachers will let them sit in racially segregated cliques, talk, disrupt and generally do what they want; then refer only those who they feel are most threatening out of class.
National research, such as the Southern Poverty Law Center’s 2010 middle school study and Indiana University’s 2000 “The Color of Discipline” report, has consistently shown that African American students do not, in fact, “offend” at higher rates than their White and Latino counterparts. Moreover, socioeconomic disparities, as it is often claimed, don’t explain racial disproportionalities, because middle-class African Americans in higher income schools are also disproportionately suspended.
This implies that Black students are perceived by adults as more viscerally threatening. Indeed, “The Color of Discipline” report found that African American students were more likely to be referred out of class for excessive noise, disrespect, loitering and “threat.” According to the Southern Poverty Law Center report, approximately 20 percent of the teachers were responsible for 80 percent of the suspensions.
Ultimately “race and gender disparities in suspension were due not to differences in administrative disposition but to differences in the rate of initial referral of Black and White students.”
In the LAUSD, the numbers for the 2009-2010 school year speak for themselves.
* At Washington Prep High School in South Los Angeles (with a predominantly African American faculty), Black and Latino students are almost equal in number yet Black students account for 62 percent of those suspended.
* At Venice High School on the Westside, African American students represent 9.5 percent of the population and 25 percent of those suspended.
* At Hamilton High they represented more than half of the opportunity transfers despite being only 28.5 percent of the population. In 2008-09, they were 57 percent of those suspended at Hamilton; in 2009-10 they were 51 percent of those suspended.
* At Fairfax High School, African American students were 18.3 percent of the population yet represented 43.5 percent of suspensions.
With the exception of Washington Prep, all of these schools had majority Latino populations.
Things are even more heinous at the middle-school level, which has been characterized by some researchers as the gateway for student success. A 2003 Johns Hopkins University study by Robert Balfanz found that poor performance and low attendance in middle school were some of the most reliable predictors of incarceration rates and drop-out at the high school level.
* At Audubon Middle School, which has one of the last majority African American populations in the district, the stats are off the charts. Black students are 64.9 percent of the population yet represent a whopping 85 percent of those suspended (total suspensions were 481).
* Latino students are at 33 percent yet constitute only 15 percent of suspensions. It should also be noted that Audubon has an African American principal.
* At Drew Middle School (16 percent Black) and Foshay (18 percent Black), African Americans represent nearly half of those suspended while Latino students, who represent 83 percent and 80 percent of each respective school’s population, are grossly underrepresented in suspensions.
* At Mann Middle School, African Americans and Latinos are equal in the population yet Blacks represent 71 percent of those suspended and the majority of those OT-ed.
* At John Muir Middle School, African Americans are 23 percent of the population and 49 percent of the suspensions.
* At Peary Middle School in Gardena, they are 28 percent of the population and 59 percent of those suspended.
Acknowledging the role suspensions played in the district’s skyrocketing dropout rates, the LAUSD adopted its so-called School-Wide Positive Behavior Support (SWPBS) plan in 2007. The policy was designed to develop alternative “inclusionary” approaches to discipline by addressing the “environmental factors that trigger misbehavior.” After the implementation of the policy, some LAUSD schools did reduce suspension numbers from the 2008-2009 to the 2009-2010 school year.
However, according to a 2010 report by CADRE (Community Asset Redevelopment Re-defining Education), a community-based organization comprised of parents, students and legal advocates, implementation of the new policy was sporadic. Schools that actually increased suspensions after the implementation of the plan included Gompers Middle School (with a whopping 960 suspensions and a 1,467 student population) in Watts, Gardena High School (531) and Jordan High School (423).
Grassroots activist organizations like the Youth Justice Coalition (YJC) are intimately acquainted with the implications of these disparities. The organization runs Free L.A. high school, a partnership with John Muir Charter School that is specifically designed for formerly incarcerated 16-24-year-old youth. YJC executive director Kim McGill notes that many of its students have been pushed out of several schools before they enroll at Free L.A.
Despite the district’s public relations emphasis on SWPBS, the CADRE report (which focused on Local District 7 in South L.A.) concluded that parents had not been meaningfully informed about the plan. The majority of parents surveyed expressed ignorance of it and had not received input from the district. Only a small minority of the schools surveyed actually bothered to include parents on their SWPBS implementation committees. CADRE found that the majority of the schools in the local district surveyed were somewhere between zero implementation and partial implementation.
Yet the other significant aspect of this data is that it starkly disrupts the oft-cited premise of African American and Latino congruence when it comes to discipline. Currently, the LAUSD is more than 70 percent Latino and 11 percent African American. Due to such factors as Black outmigration and Black enrollment in charter and private schools, the number of African American students in the district declines every year.
African American students are targeted, penalized and pushed-out in dizzyingly obscene numbers that predict and mirror their disproportionate numbers in L.A. County juvenile detention centers and adult prisons. In Los Angeles, there also appears to be a correlation between declining numbers of African American students and grossly disproportionate Black suspension rates. At South Los Angeles middle school campuses with smaller numbers of Black students (such as Bethune, Carver, Drew and Foshay), African American student suspensions were two or three times greater than the number of African American students in the general school population.
Recently appointed LAUSD superintendent John Deasy declined to be interviewed for this article.
In a district where African American students are already presumed guilty until proven innocent, Gardena High School’s racially lopsided awards ceremony was not only criminal, it was yet another indication of how African American students are still being systematically discarded, held hostage not only by blatant push-out strategies.
Sikivu Hutchinson is an educator, founder of the Women’s Leadership Project, and author of “Moral Combat: Black Atheists, Gender Politics, and the Values Wars (2011).”
*Data compiled by author from www.lausd.net.
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